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Showing posts with the label CCNA Voice

Connect to E911 via PRI or CAMA trunk?

There are two types of circuits an enterprise can use to route 911 calls to the proper PSAPs (public safety answering points) and deliver the 10-digit caller ID: ISDN PRIs or Centralized Automatic Message Accounting (CAMA) trunks. "ISDN is the wea port of choice from our perspective," says Guy Clinch, Avaya's government solutions director and a member of the National Emergency Number Association's PBX/multi-line telephone system technical subcommittee, because you can fit more phone lines in a PRI and assign each of those numbers to represent a separate ERL. In short, you can map your location and send more granular location information to the PSAP. But as many as 85% of enterprises choose instead to retrofit their IP PBXs using legacy analog CAMA trunks for entry into the public safety system, Clinch says. It's cheaper, because the CAMA trunk is equivalent to on phone number, so they get charged only once. The downside: CAMA trunks cannot deliver a custom caller ...

天外飛來一張"CCNA Voice證書"

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自2009年6月24日開始,CCNA Voice認證分為兩種選項。一個叫做commercial option,另一個則是enterprise option。 CCNA Voice Certification enterprise option : 只要你擁有CCNA認證並且通過CVOICE 6.0考試(642-436)就可以取得CCNA Voice認證資料。 CCNA Voice Certification commcerical option : 只要你擁有CCNA認證並且通過IIUC考試(640-460)就可以取得CCNA Voice認證資料。 所以…如果各位有心要取得CCVP認證的話,事實上是可以不用先考CCNA Voice(IIUC)的,因此我就無緣無故地突然收到了Cisco寄來的CCNA Voice證書(之前考過CVOICE 6.0)。 On June 24th, 2009, Learning@Cisco announced program changes to the CCNA Voice certification. There are now two options available for candidates wishing to achieve their CCNA Voice certification: A commercial option and an enterprise option. The new CCNA Voice Certification enterprise option assesses skills/knowledge related to the Cisco Unified Communications Manager 6.0 (CUCM 6.0). It is typically employed by large organizations such as governments, large companies, and colleges. Passing the CVOICE #642-436 exam will meet the requirements for this option. The CCNA Voice Certification commercial option continu...

E&M-FGD(Feature Group D) vs FGD-EANA(Exchange Access North American)

E&M-FGD The  e&m-fgd setting   allows   E&M interface connections for PBX trunk lines (tie lines) and telephone equipment to use Feature Group D switched-access service.  FGD-EANA FGD-EANA is a Feature Group-D (FGD) signaling protocol of type Exchange Access North American (EANA). This provides certain call services, such as emergency (USA-911) calls. FGD can accept ANI and DNIS for inward calls (Network to CPE), but can only provide DNIS for outward calls (CPE to Network). FGD-EANA can also provide ANI and DNIS for outward calls (Network to CPE), but cannot accept ANI for inward calls (CPE to Network). To provide and accept ANI and DNIS at the same time using CAS we can split the T1 into two different ds0 groups. One group is for inbound calls and one group is for outbound calls.This output shows an example:  ds0-group 0 timeslots 1-12 type e&m-fgd ds0-group 1 timeslots 13-24 type fgd-eana

Cisco Call Manager Express Important Configuration - "create cnf-files"

以下是讓IP Phone註冊到Cisco Call Manager Express最基本的指令。其中有一行非常重要的指令就是 create cnf-files 。如果沒有這個指令,當IP Phone嘗試去註冊到CME時,CME將不會建立xml檔案來發放給IP Phone。這個問題在我之前嘗試要連到TP新加坡Remote Lab時就遇過了,VPN確定通了但是IP Phone就是無法完成註冊,結果請新加坡那邊的負責Remote Lab 的同事協助查了很久還是找不到問題,後來幸好有Chris Yang幫忙,終於找到Remote Lab HQ Router(CME)上缺少了這個config才把這個問題給解決。不過很奇怪的是…經過了幾個月之後,這個星期又請公司admin幫忙再跟新加坡借了一次CVOICE Remote Lab,結果有問題的initial config到現在還是有問題,唉,同時是華人,怎麼台灣跟新加坡的華人工作態度卻是大大不同。 telephony-service max-ephones 2 max-dn 2 ip source-address 172.16.1.1 port 2000 create cnf-files ! ! ephone-dn 1 number 1001 ! ! ephone 1 button 1:1

DPNSS Versus QSIG - Can They Coexist?

很多人聽過PBX之間交換的標準-QSIG,但是可能比較少人聽過DPNSS,事實上DPNSS也是另外一種跟QSIG類似的PBX交換標準,但是它們之間到底有那些不相同的地方及歷史上演進的結果為何? 請參閱下文Q&A: http://www.pqmconsultants.com/coexist.htm Q. What are DPNSS and QSIG? DPNSS and QSIG are inter-exchange signalling protocols, primarily intended for the interconnection of nodes in a Corporate telecommunication Network (CN). The interconnection of PABXs using leased circuits is a typical application. Both DPNSS and QSIG are common channel signalling systems based on ISDN technology. They are open standards; that is, they permit signalling between equipment from different vendors. Q. How did DPNSS come about? The development of DPNSS commenced in 1981 with the decision by the UK telecomms industry (British Telecom, as was, and a number of PABX manufacturers) to develop a vendor independent private network signalling system. This work resulted in the protocol that is today widely used throughout the UK and elsewhere. The drivers behind DPNSS development are well known. They were...

Silence Insertion Descriptor(SID)

A method of compression used in speech encoding that transmits a data packet in place of silence at a compressed rate. SID mathematically describes the background noise during a session so that the receiving end can artificially reproduce that noise during silence periods. Transmitting the SID requires almost no bandwidth as transmitting the actual background noise does.

SIP的關鍵元件

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SIP通過類似E-mail形式的資源識別標誌(URI)來標名用戶地址,它通過諸如用戶電話號碼、帳號、主機名等元素來構成SIP URI,其格式為user@domain的表示方式。其中user也可以是傳統電信網路中的e.164電信交換碼。  SIP關鍵元件及其呼叫模式。 SIP的關鍵元件有下列幾項:  用戶代理User Agent:   通常簡稱為UA,是SIP網路環境中的用戶終端設備,其角色相當於H.323 Terminal。在邏輯上包含有User Agent Client (UAC) 以及 User Agent Server(UAS)兩種,UAC負責產生請求,而UAS負責產生依照請求產生應答。每一個UA都同時扮演者UAC和UAS的角色,當它是呼叫別人的主叫端時,就是UAC;當它是被別人呼叫的被叫端時,就是UAS。  目前我們所能看到的各種話機,本質上都是一種SIP UA裝置。有一種USB Phone是配合Soft Phone使用的,它的本質是一種音效裝置,雖然很多人也叫它做網路話機,但是它並不屬於SIP UA的角色。  代理伺服器Proxy Server:   為SIP協議運作的中心,同時具有伺服器端和客戶端雙重角色的中介元件,負責代表SIP UA或者其他的Proxy Server產生請求或將收到的請求代為轉送到另外一個目標SIP元件去。由Proxy Server提供對用戶定位的服務,以轉送到正確的UA位置去,且UA回覆結果也是一樣會經由相反的路由將結果回覆給請求端的UA,這就是Proxy Server的路由功能。  Proxy Server其實就是扮演傳統電信領域中,交換總機的角色。由於它的存在,可大幅簡化UA的設計複雜度(否則UA要能記得所有通訊對象的IP網址),也是VoIP業者營運的中樞。  重定向伺服器Redirect Server:   SIP的其中一個主要特性就是,它將用戶的邏輯位址和實際位址分開,這使得用戶可以定義一個不變的邏輯位置,然後將它映射成別名至一個或多個變化的實際位置。重定向伺服器接受任何SIP元件的請求,並將被呼叫方的SIP位址映射成一個或多個位址並將回應給客戶端。和代理伺服器不同的是,重定向伺服器不會轉遞任何請求到其他伺服器。  註冊伺服器Register Server:   接受註冊請求的伺服器,其目的是記錄用戶在請求中的聯繫資訊,或更...

CCNA Voice Official Exam Certification Guide (640-460 IIUC)

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今天終於收到Amazon寄來的Cisco Press CCNA Voice(IIUC),這本書是我九月時預訂的,連同好幾本其他Cisco Press一起訂購,不過CCNA Voice這一本出版日期有所delay所以一直到今天才收到,不過在Amazon訂購有一個好處,雖然分批寄送但是不須要支付額外的運費,而且還享有折扣優惠,所以這本CCNA Voice我只花了USD$31就買到了也不用額外的運費,這樣的價格在Cisco Press叢書中可以算是中低價位的書籍。 我大致翻了一下,個人覺得如果是完全沒有接觸過Cisco Voice Solution的同學可以把這本書當成是踏入Cisco Voice的第一本書,因為它有點像百科全書的感覺,充斥著不少的實體照片,因為Cisco有許多的IP Phone或是Voice Hardware,單是看CCNA Voice正式教材講義有時會覺得虛虛的,因為沒有實際的照片可以參考(雖然正式教材中也有附一些,但是說實話不夠詳細),在CCNA Voice這本書中不但有照片,還有照片旁的附註,像是在IP Phone的Menu以及IP Phone面板上的功能鍵,都有圖文說明,可以讓各位很快地進入狀況。 不過說實話,個人對於Cisco CCNA Voice內容的規劃不是很贊同,因為它跟Cisco Voice Solution綁得太緊密了,如果它可以不要花這麼多的章節及內容在介紹Cisco Voice Hardware/Software/Solution的話,這一門課程或許可以成為所有Datacom Engineer學習Voice over IP的第一門通識課程,不過這是我們身為講師的理想而已,Cisco還是必須在課程中加入自家的產品,因為目前的Voice Solution百家爭鳴,就連標準的SIP protocol都不是每一家相通(所以每年都會有SIP相容性測試大會)。 總之,未來要考CCVP,必須先考完CCNA(640-802)再考IIUC(640-460)才能繼續考CCVP(我指的是最後才會得到CCVP的認證,如果是單指考試科目的順序不在此限)。所以有志於Voice領域的同學可以準備開始survey這一個科目的學習方式,如果自己有設備自學應該是沒有什麼太大問題,但如果沒有實體設備可以練習,或是要考慮看看有提供多次重聽機會的教育訓練中心為佳。(前一兩...

What is a Blue Box?

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Blue boxes use a 2600hz tone to size control of telephone switches that use in-band signaling. The caller may then access special switch functions, with the usual purpose of making free long distance phone calls, using the tones provided by the Blue Box. To quote Karl Marx, blue boxing has always been the most noble form of phreaking. As opposed to such things as using an MCI code to make a free phone call, which is merely mindless pseudo-phreaking, blue boxing is actual interaction with the Bell System toll network. It is likewise advisable to be more cautious when blue boxing, but the careful phreak will not be caught, regardless of what type of switching system he is under. In this part, I will explain how and why blue boxing works, as well as where. In later parts, I will give more practical information for blue boxing and routing information. To begin with, blue boxing is simply communicating with trunks. Trunks must not be confused with subscriber lines (or "customer loops...

My CCNA Voice & CCVP First Step - Voice Over IP Fundamentals

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經過一番心情沈澱,又要開始迎接下一個挑戰 - CCNA Voice & CCVP,明年度我的老闆要我盡可能的把所有Voice課程承接起來,其實這對我來說是一個比考SP CCIE更大的挑戰,因為我對Voice實在不熟,所以只能用最原始的方式來了解 - K書。 我看了幾本Cisco Press的書,我覺得只要是Fundamentals系列的書目都是非常值得購買收藏的。雖然我之前曾經教過CVOICE,不過今年CVOICE又改版,把GWGK的東西也整合進來,再加上CCNA Voice的出現,所以我還是決定從頭學習再次打底,明年一定要把Voice課程接下來。 同樣的,我還是會把這個過程利用這個blog紀錄下來跟各位分享,希望各位也可以跟我分享你的know-how。也有人問我,有沒有打算再考第三個CCIE,我想在短時間內(至少明年不會)應該暫時沒有這個打算,除非等我把CCVP/Unity/NetMeeting等相關課程都接下來,我想我才會有那個把握及勇氣去挑戰Voice CCIE吧!

雙音多頻信號(Dual-Tone MultiFrequency, DTMF) vs 脈衝式撥號(Pulse Dialing)

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雙音多頻信號(DTMF): 雙音多頻式電話,見下圖,顧名思義是建基於雙音調、多頻率 (Dual Tone Multi-Frequency, DTMF) 的概念。這種技術與傳統的十位脈衝式電話中以電脈衝的形式傳送訊號有所不同,DTMF電話所撥出的每個數字都由兩個音調組成,並以可聽得到的音調傳送到電話交換機。 雙音多頻式電話 DTMF電話配有一個按鍵式的撥號盤,上面有0至9的撥號數字,另外還有星號“*”及井號“#”用作完成一些特定的功能。如下圖所示,按鍵是以四列三行的二維陣列形式排列,對於每一列或行,都有特定頻率的音調。行的音調頻率較高而列的音調頻率則較低。當某一按鍵被按下時,由兩個不同頻率所組成的雙音調訊號會產生,這兩個頻率一個屬於低頻率群組而另一個則屬於高頻率群組。就是這個原因,所以我們才稱這種技術為“雙音多頻”。在這種技術中,由7個不同頻率的音調 (4個列頻率 + 3個行頻率) 可組成12種不同的頻率組合 (4 x 3)。舉例來說,若我們按下按鍵“5”,由770 Hz及1336 Hz組成的音調訊號會一起被傳送到電話交換機譯碼再分辨出所撥的是哪一個號碼。 按鍵號碼及其對應的頻率對應表 脈衝式撥號(PULSE DIALING): 使用於較老式的轉盤式號碼盤. 電話機,當號碼盤轉動時,以脈衝的多寡代表所播出的號碼。